Do you know what 'O' in 'O'clock' stands for?

[WORLD] We often use words and phrases without giving much thought to their origins. One such phrase that we encounter multiple times a day is "o'clock." But have you ever paused to consider what the 'O' in this common time-telling expression actually stands for? Let's embark on a fascinating journey through linguistic history to uncover the true meaning behind this ubiquitous term.

The Origin of 'O'clock': A Timekeeping Revolution

To understand the origin of 'o'clock,' we need to travel back to the late 14th century. This period marked a significant shift in timekeeping technology, with the introduction of mechanical clocks in Europe. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the phrase "of the clock" first appeared in 1384, coinciding with the growing popularity of these new timekeeping devices.

Before the advent of mechanical clocks, people relied on sundials and shadow clocks to measure time. However, as clocks became more prevalent, a new standard way of indicating time emerged. The phrase "of the clock" was used to specify that the time being referred to was according to these new mechanical timekeepers.

From 'Of the Clock' to 'O'clock': The Evolution of Language

Language is constantly evolving, and one of the ways it changes is through the process of abbreviation. This is precisely what happened with the phrase "of the clock." As people began using it more frequently, they naturally sought ways to shorten it for quicker and easier communication.

Anne Curzan, Ph.D., a professor of English, linguistics, and education at the University of Michigan, explains this phenomenon: "Because it's a set phrase for telling time, it's not surprising that it got shortened over time because we're saying it fast".

The Oxford English Dictionary cites 1419 as the first known use of the contraction 'o'clock,' just a few decades after the debut of the phrase "of the clock". This rapid evolution demonstrates how quickly language can adapt to meet our communication needs.

The Linguistic Logic Behind 'O'clock'

The transformation from "of the clock" to "o'clock" isn't just a random shortening. It follows a specific linguistic pattern that's common in the English language. Michael Adams, Ph.D., a professor of English and linguistics at Indiana University, provides insight into this process:

"It's unusual for English speakers to retain a lot of words in unstressed positions in a phrase. In '1 of the clock,' you've got two unstressed words there: the 'of' and the 'the'. And it is an invitation to a type of abbreviation. So it's not '1 of the clock' but '1 o'clock.' You get that nice alternating rhythm there, which is so typical of the cadence of English".

This explanation highlights how our language naturally evolves to create more rhythmic and easily pronounceable phrases.

The 'Clock' in 'O'clock': A Chiming History

While we've uncovered the meaning of the 'O,' it's equally intriguing to explore the origin of 'clock' itself. The word has its roots in Christianity and the early history of mechanical timekeeping.

The earliest mechanical clocks were typically found in church towers. These clocks didn't have faces as we know them today. Instead, they indicated the time by striking a bell, calling worshippers to Mass or prayer. The Latin word for bell is "clocca," which is where our modern word "clock" originates.

Adams elaborates on this connection: "If you are a monk or a nun, you think of time in terms of bells because the bells will toll, and if it's nine bells, then you know where you're supposed to be praying or singing hymns".

As smaller clocks became more accessible and popular in homes, many still retained the chiming feature. Grandfather clocks and spring-run clocks often employed a bell that would chime on the quarter hour, half hour, or hour. "So the bell doesn't go away," Adams notes. "The word for 'bell' gets adopted for the thing that tells the time. And then suddenly we're using the word 'clock' in English".

Beyond Numbers: Creative Uses of 'O'clock'

While the standard use of 'o'clock' involves putting a number in front of it to indicate a specific time, the phrase has evolved to include more creative applications. Curzan points out that by the mid-1800s, people began putting words in front of 'o'clock' as an informal way to indicate the time of an event.

One early example of this creative usage comes from a 1910 San Francisco Chronicle article, which used the phrase "beer o'clock". This playful use of 'o'clock' has continued to evolve, giving us modern expressions like:

• Wine o'clock
• Dinner o'clock
• Nap o'clock
• Brunch o'clock
• Self-care o'clock
• Party o'clock
• Movie o'clock
• Stupid o'clock (for extremely late or early hours)

These expressions demonstrate how language continues to adapt and play with established phrases, creating new meanings and uses.

'O'clock' in Modern Usage

While some uses of 'o'clock' have become obsolete (such as asking "What o'clock is it?"), others have persisted and even found new applications. For instance, we still use 'o'clock' for directional purposes, a usage that dates back to the 1700s.

Curzan provides an example: "Say you want to alert your friend that her boss is in the restaurant. You could say, 'He's with the woman in the green dress,' or you could say, 'He's at 9 o'clock'".

This directional use of 'o'clock' extends to other areas as well. For instance, when learning to drive, we're often instructed to keep our hands on the steering wheel in the "10 and 2 o'clock positions".

Other Fascinating Contractions in English

The evolution of 'o'clock' is just one example of how English words and phrases can be contracted over time. Here are a few other interesting contractions with surprising origins:

Jack-o'-lantern: This Halloween staple originated in 17th-century Britain. At the time, "Jack" was a common term for unnamed men. Night watchmen were sometimes called "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," which eventually contracted to "Jack-o'-lantern".

Howdy: This casual greeting is actually a contraction of "How do ye?" It dates back to a time when "ye" was used instead of "you".

O'er/O'ernight: In these poetic contractions, the apostrophe replaces the 'v' in "over".

Imma: This modern slang word combines two contractions: "I'm" (I am) and "gonna" (going to).

The Ongoing Evolution of Language

The story of 'o'clock' is a testament to the dynamic nature of language. It shows how our communication evolves to become more efficient while still retaining echoes of its historical roots. From the mechanical clocks of the 14th century to the digital displays of today, our methods of timekeeping have changed dramatically. Yet, we still use a phrase that harks back to those early days of "clock time."

As we continue to use 'o'clock' in our daily lives, we carry with us a small piece of linguistic history. It serves as a reminder of how our language adapts to technological changes and our ever-present need for clear, efficient communication.

The next time you check your watch or phone and say, "It's 3 o'clock," remember that you're not just stating the time – you're participating in a centuries-old linguistic tradition that connects us to our past while serving our present needs.