Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, has emerged as a significant public health concern, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on August 14, 2024. This viral infection, which originated in Africa, has spread to other continents, raising alarm bells worldwide.
Professor Dr. Dimie Ogoina, chair of the IHR Emergency Committee, emphasized the gravity of the situation, stating, "The current upsurge of mpox in parts of Africa, along with the spread of a new sexually-transmissible strain of the monkeypox virus, is an emergency, not only for Africa, but for the entire globe".
The Spread of Mpox: A Global Perspective
Mpox is primarily transmitted through close contact between humans and occasionally from contaminated objects and surfaces. In regions where the virus is present in wild animals, it can also spread from infected animals to humans who come into contact with them.
The mpox virus has two main types, known as Clade 1 and Clade 2. Prior to 2022, mpox infections were mainly reported in parts of Central (Clade 1) and West Africa (Clade 2) where it is endemic. However, the global outbreak in 2022 changed the landscape dramatically.
According to recent data, "Since the beginning of the global outbreak in 2022 and until the end of July (2024), 99,176 confirmed cases – including 208 deaths – have been reported by 116 countries". This widespread occurrence has raised concerns about the potential for further transmission and the need for effective preventive measures.
Recognizing Mpox Symptoms
Mpox presents a range of clinical features, with some individuals experiencing milder symptoms while others face more severe illness. The most common symptoms include:
- A rash lasting for two to four weeks
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Back pain
- Malaise
- Swollen glands
The characteristic rash, which resembles blisters or sores, can affect various parts of the body, including the face, palms, soles, groin, and mouth. It's important to note that "The number of sores varies", and some patients may develop inflammation in the rectum or genitals, causing severe pain or difficulties urinating.
Preventive Measures: Safeguarding Against Mpox
While there is no cure for mpox infections, prevention remains crucial. Here are essential preventive measures to keep yourself and others safe:
Practice good personal hygiene: Wash hands regularly with soap, especially before handling food, after using the toilet, or when hands are dirty from coughing or sneezing. "If water is not available, an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol can be used".
Avoid close contact with infected individuals: Stay away from people showing symptoms of mpox, particularly those with visible rashes or lesions.
Practice safe sexual behaviors: Engage in safe sexual practices and avoid high-risk activities like having multiple sex partners or casual sex.
Be cautious with animals: Avoid feeding or touching animals, especially stray or wild animals. "Avoid consuming the meat or blood of wild animals".
Monitor your health after travel: If you've traveled to countries affected by mpox, monitor yourself for symptoms for 21 days upon return.
Seek medical attention promptly: If you develop symptoms like sudden high fever, swollen lymph nodes, or a rash, seek immediate medical care and inform your doctor of any travel or exposure history.
Follow isolation guidelines: If diagnosed with mpox, isolate yourself until all lesions have crusted over, scabs have fallen off, and a new layer of skin has formed. "This will limit the spread of the virus".
Use protection during recovery: After recovery, use condoms as a precaution for 12 weeks when engaging in sexual activity.
Vaccination and Treatment Options
While there is no specific cure for mpox, a third-generation smallpox vaccine is available as a preventive measure. This vaccine can be used as:
Post-exposure prophylaxis for close contacts of confirmed mpox cases
Pre-exposure prophylaxis for individuals at higher risk of infection
"While the vaccine is estimated to provide more than 80% protection against mpox, there is limited data on the level and duration of protection". It's important to consult with healthcare professionals about vaccination options and eligibility.
Global Impact and Future Outlook
The emergence and rapid spread of the new virus strain, Clade 1B, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 2023 and its detection in neighboring countries have raised significant concerns. "In the past month, more than 100 laboratory-confirmed cases of Clade 1B have been reported in four DRC neighbours, which have not reported mpox before".
As the situation evolves, it's crucial to stay informed about local and international developments regarding mpox. The global health community continues to monitor the situation closely and update guidelines as new information becomes available.
The global mpox outbreak serves as a reminder of the importance of public health preparedness and individual responsibility in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. By staying informed, practicing good hygiene, and following preventive measures, we can collectively work towards minimizing the impact of mpox and protecting our communities.
Remember, if you suspect you may have been exposed to mpox or are experiencing symptoms, seek medical attention promptly. Early detection and proper management are key to controlling the spread of this virus and ensuring the best possible outcomes for those affected.
